The History Of United Overseas Bank - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3383 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Having a history of over 75 years, United Overseas Bank (UOB) was first founded as the United Chinese Bank in 6 August 1935 by Datuk Wee Kheng Chiang. In its early years, UOB catered mainly to the Fujian community. It was then renamed as UOB in 1965. Establishment of UOB UOB has grown strongly over the years. It has established itself as a leading and regional bank in Singapore and also in Asia through a series of acquisitions. Today, the UOB group has expanded worldwide in 19 countries and territories in Asia Pacific, Western Europe and North America having a network of over 500 offices. Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and mainland China are the banking subsidiaries of UOB. One of the main board of directors, Dr Wee Cho Yaw, being the chairman, he takes charge of the subsidiaries of UOB such as Far Eastern Bank, United Overseas Insurance, United Overseas Bank (Malaysia) and United Overseas Bank (Thai) Public Company, President Commissioner of PT Bank UOB Indonesia and PT Bank UOB Buana. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History Of United Overseas Bank" essay for you Create order Financial Services provided UOB offers an extensive range of financial services through its global network and partnership with associates, giving access to services like private banking, personal financial services, commercial and corporate banking and investment banking are some of which that the bank caters to. With the diversified interests, UOB is said to be committed in providing quality products and services in the region. In the business of credit and debit cards, UOB is a market leader in Singapore. It is also a dominant player in loans to small and medium enterprises and also private residential home loan business. UOB Asset Management being the fund management arm has been recognized as one of Singapores most awarded fund managers. Performance review for Q3 2010 UOB Groups net profit after tax rose 44.2% to $1,990 million for the nine months outlook as compared to a year ago. Operating profit grew 25.8% to $912 million and this was mainly driven by the higher trading and investment income. The total income increased significantly by 16% to $1,468 million. More about UOB Currently, UOB has approximately over 10,000 staff under its helm. I am attached to Commercial Banking Product Sales Specialist: Factoring, which is responsible for helping the relationship managers clinch factoring deals and relating to clients on how factoring can help their financing. The aim of such financial service is to benefit both the clients and the bank. The organisation chart of UOB can be found in Appendix 1. (400 words) 2. Description of job/work assigned 2.1 Project: End-to-End Factoring Workflow It was a project given to me and the Management Associates (MA). The task is to create a better workflow for the team using the existing one to be able to comprehend it better. This is in view that the factoring workflow has too many steps which are not in favour to the team. It involves thirty steps and it can be very time consuming, confusing and tedious to the reader. The main purpose was to enhance the workflow such that it benefits everyone. Shortening the workflow and picking out the redundant steps were some of the suggestions made. However, the challenge faced was that the steps involved were hard to minimize or even leave out. Meetings are still currently being held to discuss what could be done to make further improvements to the workflow. 2.2 Cross Checking of the migration system Two dummy accounts are created to assist in the checking of the migration systems. This is to ensure that before the launch of the Business Internet Banking account is implemented; all necessary screenings of discrepancies are made. Checking of spelling errors, figures, dates, accounting format, etc were part of ensuring the migration has no mistakes. When an erroneous mistake was found, a description of the error is noted with a print screen attached to show the errors. After giving a summary description of the error spotted in the system, it will be sent to the IT department who is in charge of doing the software migration for the accounts. 2.3 Summary of Factoring accounts A list of accounts that the factoring team is currently liaising and servicing was required. My task was to identify the relationship managers involved in the servicing of the accounts. I am to read through the files of the clients that have engaged in the factoring facilities given by the bank. The debtors involved, debtors limit, credit limit and type of factoring account which was opened, were needed to be updated. This is to give the product sales team a better overview of the details as mentioned above when they are to refer to any specific client. It helps to summarize the important information as knowing who the debtors are, the limits given to both the client and debtors allows the sales team to have the facts on their finger tips when referring to the list. This gives them better information at hand than referring to the files whenever needed. The list will be updated as and when necessary. 2.4 Background check of client Reading up on the client so as to understand the nature of business and how it functions gives an overview of what needs to be discussed in the survey call. This is to prepare well for the Pre-Activation survey with which the survey team is involved in. Before heading down to clients premise, the factoring workflow will be checked against for the documents needed. Having a good knowledge of what needs to be done and prepared helps ease the audit process. This in turns leaves a good impression to client as we are able to do business smoothly with no mishaps. 2.5 Merging of Product Manual Target Operating Manual (TOM) and Product Guide are to be merged into one final product manual Factoring. It serves as a comprehensive product guide for the department. It requires the thorough identification of changes in both guides and compiling the necessary or unnecessary additional info. Updating and retrieving of input forms, creating a board resolution and amendments to the manual instructions. The rationale is to ensure the manual is updated as alterations to the processes are often made. These are later being checked by the operations department as it involves processes which they are responsible for. (600 Words) 3. Learning experiences achievements 3.1 Efficiency, Accuracy Teamwork After 11 weeks of work at UOB, the importance of being a good team player, efficient and meticulous worker was learnt. Efficiency has its own importance. However, the underlying factor that plays a major role in aiding the effectiveness of it is time management. Without the discipline in managing time, one cannot complete his tasks on time. This being the reason will hamper and affect the quality of work produced. In the workforce, deadlines and time management are at hand. This was often emphasized, even at school. It is all dependable on us and as to how we are to control the playing field. A basic and simple principle yet many failed to accomplish and acquire it. The challenge sets in when the amount of workload increases. I had to complete the tasks assigned at hand and after which, taking on more tasks whenever help is required of me. I learnt that time itself is a massive restriction and only to rush at that very minute will produce less than satisfactory results. Th is will bring about disappointments and the lack of responsibility to the team. Accuracy is another essential skill at work. It is pretty much emphasized in my department as we are to ensure that the debtors involved, contracts and other important related details such as invoices are not overlooked. We will have to identify the contacts (mailing addresses, contact number), any clauses stated in the contracts that might affect the business between UOB and the client and its business partners too. It is impossible to not make mistakes. I have made errors and alerted my supervisor and colleagues about it once it was being noted. It was a small mistake but it can be costly to the business deal. As it was my fault, I made the attempt to remind myself by writing a post-it note such that I will not make the same mistake again. Working in a department means that teamwork is a must, in order to achieve a similar objective that is set at the start. Working together requires everyone to play their part, using their strengths to their advantage and overcoming shortcomings together too. Adding on, communication should be open such as to keep the ball rolling. It acts as a foundation pillar and without it, it is impossible to succeed and proceed on. It involves more than just speaking your mind, but also paying attention to others opinions and comments. (407 Words) 3.2 Marketing/Survey Call Being part of the product sales specialist team does require travelling to clients premises and hence developing a sense of direction is vital. This is even so when hiring the cab as the driver might not be familiar with the location that we are to go to. Thus, doing a background research such as checking the street directory online and using the mobile maps helped if such situations were to arise. Keeping ourselves informed will put us at a greater advantage. The benefit of being at an external company allows me to expand my exposure to a different nature of business. It brings about a different perspective and insight of how a non-financial institution functions. The aspect of meeting people cannot be avoided and mannerism comes into play here. Tasks have to be completed swiftly with minimal disruption to the work of others. First impressions take its toll as I represent UOB; it is of utmost importance to upkeep the image of the bank. Values like having a sense of punctuality and preparedness became more than necessary. It reflects how we place our clients and showcasing the importance of their business to the bank. Furthermore, punctuality eventually reveals ones personality. In order to gain trust from others, we need to possess this quality. Ultimately, punctuality also relates to ones responsibility. All these are in relation to how I present myself for job interviews (in BCOMM 3) and project presentations since the start of year 1. Punctuality and responsibility are the deciding factors on how well I would fair. At school, these qualities were emphasized and it was a stepping stone showing how the real workplace will be. First impression is how people judge me. In BCOMM 3, I was also taught how to go about engaging a sales call. Although it is not very similar to how it is done for our factoring deals, the steps involved were relevant. The elements of being persuasive and building of rapport were required. Without a good knowledge of the produ ct or fostering a close relationship with the client, it will definitely be a hindrance in clinching a successful deal. Networking skills played a part due to the need to understand the clients expectations. As such, the business communication module has served well in allowing me to apply my knowledge at work. The soft skills acquired were a great advantage as a whole. (399 Words) 3.3 Communication skills Communication is an essential element and it has strengthened with my days at UOB. Communicating with staff or clients is indispensable at any workplace. This is because interactions are bound to exist amongst one another, especially with regards to matters relating to work. Socializing with the colleagues starts by joining them for team lunch. This allows me to integrate and understand them better. Thus, interpersonal skills are crucial as interaction with different people every day is expected of me. It cannot be mastered within a short period of time and cultivation of the skills has to be built and picked up along the way. Continuous learning and applying the knowledge learnt in school comes in handy in this particular aspect. Being more conscious in the way I speak is necessary etiquette came to light. This is because it will be a display in the impression of how others view me. It forms a pillar for people to identify if they want to develop a better relationship with me. Therefore, it is only through the interactions, I gained the chance to learn from colleagues in their areas of expertise. Good communication skills helps to build strong rapport among fellow colleagues and the business communication modules of 1-3 have taught me well. An example of starting a table topic to break the ice, meeting presentations with colleagues and clients are some of which that allowed me to apply the knowledge learnt. The outreach talks to the secondary students for Ngee Anns Open House and PolyExperience also aided my learning. Communication has been amplified ever since and I was able to comprehend what is expected of me. This became very important at work as the presentations cannot be taken lightly and I ought to be prepared at the very best of my ability. My communication skills have thus been further enhanced due to the exposure given at work. Besides, the three years of project works and presentations done have also made it a good experience speaking my thoughts out and ensure that all group members are clear about the instructions and understood it well. Hence, whenever in doubt at work, I will seek my supervisors help and counter check that I am working on the right track. I will make certain that I do according to what my supervisor should expect and this can prevent any misunderstandings or miscommunications from surfacing. (398 words) 3.4 Trade and Credit Analysis knowledge I am tasked to understand factoring and its whole procedure as it can be very complicating. This is why having a good understanding and knowledge of the product is very crucial as I am to face the workload that deals with factoring daily. I came to understand how the different contracts laid out would affect the terms and conditions binding the bank and the client. Hence, I was appreciative that I had some background knowledge of factoring and trade from Finance and International Trade (FIT), and for contracts relating to the various forms of financing from Credit Management (CM). Thus, the learning acquired from these modules has allowed me to understand my daily work better. Besides, the advantage of gaining prior knowledge was being able to relate what was learnt at school to work. It was the hands on experience at work that I am unable to practice at school. The projects given at school were just to prepare us on how the real work force would be. An example would be the crea tion of contracts and proposal from a banks perspective for both FIT and CM. It was an eye opener to me as both the contracts and proposal that I see daily at work were explained during lectures and how to go about doing a credit analysis. It involves encumbrances; the type of project financing which involves placing the different kind of charge that would be beneficial to the bank, the proposed targeted amount to be charged. Whereas for factoring, it was how the receivables are being bought over by the bank and the bank earns by charging interest and discount charges to its clients. In addition, I am tasked to read up on the background of the client and its debtors. The reason of doing so is to be familiar with the nature of business and what would the bank be going into. This prevents the bank from purchasing the bad receivables from the clients debtors and making losses. It plays a big concern as this would result to the inability of getting the debts owing to the bank or clie nt and there are risks that are bound to be taken by the bank. In CM, doing a check on the client and its nature of business was emphasized and this was the same in the banking environment. This is such as to minimize the risks undertaken. (400 words) 4. Relate an incident 4.1 Unprepared for work done An incident which was encountered would be meeting the client for a pre-activation survey. It was a good exposure as I am able to get out of the office and learn the ropes. However, the process of it was hindered along the way. Going out for the pre-activation survey is not an easy task. The purpose for the visit is to check the clients liabilities and their other commitments this is done so by checking their accounts. The process involves having a good understanding of the business prior to going down to the clients premise. However, my colleague and I were not totally prepared and this affected the questions asked in order to clarify the details which we are in doubt with. This did not put us in a good position as the client would know that we are not prepared. We had to restructure the questions being asked and to ask for a little more time from the client. Time was being wasted in this aspect and it was not a good impression representing the bank. We realized that it involv es reading up thoroughly on the background of client is vital as it would ease the inspection programme. This would then prevent the client from doubting our abilities when showing our unpreparedness. After this incident, working conscientiously became an utmost importance. Taking the responsibility in getting my work done to my fullest ability is expected of me at all times. I learnt that in the work force, second chances are not given easily and that we will have to bear the consequences. Unlike in school, we can be given chances for mistakes made and to improve on it. On hindsight, if being faced with the same situation again, I would ensure that my colleague and I stay calm and ask for a few moments from the client. I will have to apologize for the shortcomings and delay of time for a discussion with my colleague on what is to be done next how to ask the appropriate question. I will apologize for the time taken and ask for their understanding. In conclusion, I feel tha t from this experience, it helped me to develop my interpersonal skills in various areas. With me being composed and patient when uncertain and solving the problem faced by thinking on my feet at the very moment. (392 Words) 5. Appendices Appendix 1 Organisation Chart of UOB Appendix 2 Factors that affect factoring The following are factors that may denote situations not acceptable for factoring. Appendix 3 Screen shot of Client Availability Sheet This is the information that I have to counter check with the dummy accounts for the merging of the information from this software into the Business Internet Banking platform. Any disputes and discrepancies are being checked concurrently. Appendix 4 Screen Shot of Business Internet Banking Platform The changes to be made by the IT personnel Invoice Enquiry: No of items is correct but AML O/s amt is $1,888k in BIB vs $3,315k in FactorPro under CAS No of items is correct but Venture O/s amt is $785k in BIB vs $1,386k in FactorPro under CAS Appendix 5 FACTORING INSPECTION PROGRAMME The form which was used for the pre-activation survey (survey call) 1 TYPE OF INSPECTION REPORT Pre-Activation Review Investigation 2 ANY MATERIAL CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS INSPECTION? (APPLICABLE FOR REVIEW CASES ONLY) Yes No 3 GENERAL INFORMATION Clients Name Address Contact Persons (Names and Titles) Date of Inspection Type of Facility(ies) /Limits Location of Inspection (if different from adress above) Checklist Yes No Remarks (If any) i Existing Charge in ACRA? ii Negative Pledge? (Sight letter of Offer from Banks) iii Consignment Sales? Please refer to point 11 if yes. iv Two Way Trading (If yes, name Debtor) v Ban of Assignment? vi Sales Retention? vii Survey Fee Charged 4 COMPANY BACKGROUND 5 NATURE OF BUSINESS 6 ACCOUNTING RECORDS 7 BILLING PROCEDURE 8 PROGRESSIVE BILLING 9 SALES Financial Year Sales Amount ($) Sales Growth (%) 10 DILUTION (CREDIT NOTES) Month / Year Past 6 months Sales / Invoice Listing (S$) Past 6 months Credit Notes Listing (S$) Total Dilution (%) Credit Notes / Sales = _______% (Comments on Dilution) 11 CONSIGNMENT SALES (Any sales on a consignment basis? Briefly explain how it works amount Debtor involved.) As per previous review dated 27 January 2010 12 RETURNABLE ARRANGEMENT (Any sales on a returnable arrangement? Briefly explain how it works amount Debtor involved.)

The Life And Times Of Scott Fitzgerald - 764 Words

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Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid free essay sample

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The Nature, Transmission, Prevention, And Treatment Of The HIV/AIDS Es

The Nature, Transmission, Prevention, and Treatment of the HIV/AIDS The Nature, Transmission, Prevention, and Treatment of the HIV/AIDS Arthur Ashe is an admirable and well known American tennis player who won many championships. He became the first African American male to win the men's Wimbledon title in 1975. Also, he was on the United States Davis Cup team from 1963 until 1984. Some of his other major accomplishments include helping to form what is now the Association of Tennis Professionals and winning the Australian Open, the United States Open, and the French Open. Ashe lived a wonderful and successful life: however, in 1983, disaster struck! Ashe acquired an incurable disease through a tainted blood transfusion. This disease killed him in 1993. What is this incurable disease that still haunts the lives of so many people? This is a disease known as AIDS. AIDS is a fatal disease without a cure and a disease that responds to little treatment. How can the spread of AIDS be stopped? This paper will discuss the nature of the AIDS virus, the transmission and the prevention of transmission, as well as the available treatments for people with this disease. First of all, AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is acquired which means that it is not passed down from generation to generation through a person's genes. AIDS is a disease that attacks the immune system, a system in the body that produces white blood cells in order to fight off diseases. This disease causes the immune system to be deficient, or weakened, so that it cannot properly fight off diseases. AIDS is a syndrome, or a group of illnesses with many possible symptoms that can occur together in a weakened condition. AIDS is a pandemic, meaning that it can be found on all continents. The disease was discovered in 1983, by a French cancer specialist, Luc Montagnier, along with other scientists, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. However, there were AIDS cases reported as early as the 1950's. "The 80s will go down as the decade that AIDS began. We want to know, - Why" (Bevan 27)? One of the reasons is the promiscuity of sexually active people during the 1980s and the sharing of intravenous hypodermic needles and syringes by drug users. Secondly, AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. This virus attacks the antibodies in a person's immune system, thereby disabling that system. HIV works in an unusual way because it uses the immune system to its advantage. Viruses cannot live unless they are inside of a living cell called a host. The virus uses the host cell to reproduce themselves, causing the cell to die in the process. The new virii are then set free. The HIV virus attacks T4 lymphocytes, which are a special type of white blood cell. These cells are the body's method of defense. Without them, humans are susceptible to disease and infection. It is not HIV that kills people, but the opportunistic infections people get because of a weakened immune system. Bevan characterizes HIV by saying, "It's the sneakiest virus of all. It goes for the crucial link in the immune system, the cells at the heart of the fightback effort" (Bevan 24). This is why HIV is so dangerous. Being HIV positive does not mean that a person has full-blown AIDS, and not everyone who gets HIV develops full-blown AIDS. When one fully develops AIDS, the signs and symptoms become more evident. These symptoms include: "a failing immune system, persistent swollen lymph nodes and opportunistic infections" (Stine 114). A common example of a skin disorder caused by AIDS is Kaposi's sarcoma. That is, "a multifocal, spreading cancer of connective tissue, principally involving the skin; it usually begins on the toes or the feet as reddish blue or brownish soft nodules and tumors" (Stine 442). Lymph nodes are gland-like forms that help stop the spread of infection. When they become persistently swollen, one can develop lymphadenopathy syndrome or LAS. This condition can bring on mild symptoms of fever and weight loss. Other signs of full-blown AIDS include oral lesions such as thrush and hairy leukoplakia. People may also develop kidney disorders and gastrointestinal diseases like severe diarrhea that can cause weight loss. Since AIDS is such a serious incurable disease, it is important to know how the disease is transmitted. One method of transmission is via bodily fluids by having sex. This includes all forms of sex: vaginal sex, anal sex, and oral sex. The transmission also occurs in many other sexual activities. The human immunodeficiency virus can

The DIA in Detroit, M Ichigan essays

The DIA in Detroit, M Ichigan essays On Saturday, February 19, 2005 I went to the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA). The Detroit Institute of Arts is one of the largest art institutions in the nation. It holds over 60,000 art collections ranging from classic to cutting-edge arts. Within this institution the arts are categorized into several categories, such as, European Art, Middle Eastern Islamic and Asian Art. While I was visiting this extravagant institute of arts I was very impressed by all the arts within each category, but I only found three of the categories very fascinating. Those categorize are as follows: European Art, American Art, and African Art and below for the remaining of this essay I will discuss my interest in each of those categories in depth. European Art within the Detroit Institute of Arts is very interesting due to the following: the collections of sculptures and decorative arts contains over 7,000 objects in a wide range of media, including armor, ceramics, furniture, glass, ivories, jewelry, precious metalwork, tapestries, and sculpture in all materials and sizes. The collection spans from the fifth through the 19th centuries and represents all major movements and traditions in European art from the Byzantine and early Christian periods through Art Nouveau. One especially strong concentration is an Italian sculpture, which includes works by Nino Pisano, Donatello, Luca della Robbia, Gianlorenzo Bernini, and other important Italian artists. The medieval collection is also notable for its sculpture, as well as its superb ivories, enamels and stained glass. In addition, there is an important and growing focus on 19th century European sculpture, especially models and rare or unique works by Rude, Carpeaux, Germe, Gauguin, and Rodin. The European Art collection spans centuries and also includes important objects from the classical Mediterranean world, including Greek and Roman sculptures. It is also pa...

Effect of Television on Delivery of News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect of Television on Delivery of News - Essay Example This information needs to be fair, precise, and just. The public relies on this information to know what exactly is going on around them, and the world at large. Media is what enables the passage or storage of information. Without it, the world and freedom would be something that people could only whisper about with fear of consequences and/or repercussions. Over the years, the media has been responsible for highlighting all the things that happen truthfully. They spearhead the campaigns against injustices and crimes. This provides them with the correct channels to use in order to find the proper manner in which this information is transferred from one medium to another. The media’s credibility depends on how accurate their information is, and how it may affect the public. It is a cause for worry if the information is biased, lacks neutrality, or is wrong. This may lead to wrong perceptions about the media and all it stands for in today’s world. This paper will examine the effects that television and other media have had on the delivery of news. Neil Postman’s: Amusing Ourselves to Death According to Postman, the rise of electronic media has led to the change in reality. Many people cannot put reality into context because the media is shaping the world into something that was not there. He goes on to insinuate that the media has changed the way in which people view politics, their immediate social setting, the economic standing, among other things. He believes that the media manipulates information for people to have some way of relating to it, even though they did not want to in the first place. In his book, Postman claims that the public’s priorities are altered with uncomplicated forms of entertainment rather than the use of violence, cruelty, and brutality when they want to fight against totalitarian authority. Postman also shows of how the media is responsible for manipulating the public’s social, economic, and political standing by presentation of fictitious information, and facts. All these are methods devised by television and other electronic media to divert the public’s attention away from matters that affect them. The public’s money and energy is directed toward such manipulation, and eventual subjugation through the media without them realising what is happening. This book and all its findings have created the state in which many continents are in today. It is, therefore, only right to say that communication brought through television and other media is biased and provides information which is destructive to the rational minds of individuals. After long periods of television watching, one gets to question and be suspicious of discussions, and arguments. These effects are growing and will continue to mature provided the media is involved in contextualising the lives of people. Matt Quayle’s article; ‘The Method of the Medium is in the Motion.’ In this article, Quayle argues that Postman’s conclusions, though somewhat true, were a little premature. He did not take the time to correctly evaluate all the factors that came into play when writing his book. Today, according to Quayle, many factors contribute to the growth of the medium used to communicate to the public. This is unlike how they did twenty-five years ago. He reiterates the fact that Postman did an exceptional job in finding out what affected the media during that time, but a lot of things have changed. Quayle insists there is a possibility of increasing the public discourse in this modern age of technology. A lot has changed since the last time Postman wrote the book on the media. Quayle asserts that the television news space has fully-grown, and there is more to look for in the

Driving factors for a telecomms operator to move from Single vendor to Research Proposal

Driving factors for a telecomms operator to move from Single vendor to multi-vendor environment - Research Proposal Example These monopolies had many different dimensions. The knowledge was restricted from moving out of one’s own control. This was done by restricting education for foreign students and minimizing the disciplines of certain fields of science; that is when we talk about a national approach. The second method was nationalizing companies which dealt with technology. When the government controlled these companies it automatically meant that their policies could be controlled. These government controlled companies had little innovations and were bureaucratic structures which had the aim of producing everything in-house. The evolution of the business environment has had an impact on many different aspects of doing business. One of the most major impacts has been on supply chains and assembly lines of a manufacturing and service business (Ballow, 1999). This is because the phenomenon of outsourcing has totally changed the landscape (Ballow, 1999). The resource allocation in organizations has greatly changed with the introduction in outsourcing. Not long ago major of every organization resources were used in fixed assets. This reduced room for improvement. This was because once fixed expenditure was made; innovating meant spending more on fixed assets (Ballow, 1999). For example if a company introduced too many changes in model, each time some of its fixed assets became obsolete and it had to make new fixed expenditures. The recent increase in product ranges and continuous model upgrades has only been possible due to the innovation in supply chain management (Ballow, 1999). The companies in this strat egy buy parts from different vendors. These smaller components can then be assembled to form the final product (Ballow, 1999). The product upgrade and new model usually need change of a few components only. The service vendor companies on the other hand can provide outsourcing for many services that a company needs (Ballow, 1999). Network providers usually