A Brief History of Prosthetics

The history of prosthetics and amputation surgery begins at the very dawning of human medicine. In the three great western civilizations of Egypt, Greece and Rome, the first true rehabilitation aids recognized as prostheses were made. Early use of prosthetics goes back to at least the fifth Egyptian Dynasty that reigned between 2750 to 2625 B.C. The oldest known splint was unearthed by archaeologists from that period. But the earliest known written reference to an artificial limb was made around 500 B.C. During the time, Herodotus wrote of a prisoner who escaped from his chains by cutting off his foot, which he later replaced with a wooden substitute. An artificial limb dating from 300 B.C., was a copper and wood leg that was unearthed at Capri, Italy in 1858. In 1529, French surgeon  Ambroise Pare  (1510-1590) introduced amputation as a lifesaving measure in medicine. Soon after, Pare started developing prosthetic limbs in a scientific manner. And in 1863, Dubois L Parmelee of New York City made a significant improvement to the attachment of artificial limbs by fastening a body socket to the limb with atmospheric pressure. While he was not the first person to do so, he was the first to make it practical enough to be used in medical practices. In 1898, a doctor named Vanghetti came up with an artificial limb that could move through muscle contraction. It wasn’t until the middle of the 20th century that major advancements were made in the attachment of lower limbs. In 1945, the National Academy of Sciences established the Artificial Limb Program as a way to improve the quality of life of World War II veterans who suffered the lost of limbs in combat. A year later, researchers at the University of California at Berkeley developed a suction sock for the above-knee prosthesis. Fast forward to 1975 and  the year an inventor named Ysidro M. Martinez took things a major step further by creating a below-the-knee prosthesis that avoided some of the problems associated with conventional artificial limbs. Instead of replicating the natural limb with articulated joints in the ankle or foot which tended to lead to poor gait, Martinez, an amputee himself, took a theoretical approach in his design. His prosthesis relies on a high center of mass and is light in weight to facilitate acceleration and deceleration and reduce friction. The foot is also considerably shorter to control acceleration forces, further reducing the friction and pressure. New advances to keep an eye involve the growing use of 3-D printing, which has allowed for the fast, precise manufacturing of artificial limbs that traditionally have been custom-built by hand. The U.S. government’s National Institutes of Health has recently established the 3D Print Exchange program as a way to provide researchers and students with the necessary modeling and software tools to fabricate prosthetics using 3D printing machines.   But beyond prosthetic limbs, here’s another fun fact: Pare could also have laid claim to be the father of facial prosthetics, making artificial eyes from enameled gold, silver, porcelain and glass. Thats your fun fact of the day

Sample Letter For The Faculty Of Computer Science At...

Acknowledgements I take this as an opportunity to thank all the representatives at Symbria for furnishing me with a great opportunity to work with them. I want to thank the Director of Marketing and Communications, Ms. Jackie Malek for believing and having faith in me to complete the work. I likewise would want to thank the Director of IT, Mr. Aaron Hagopian and the entire of the IT group for their significant guidance. It has been an extraordinary experience working for Symbria as I have possessed the capacity to enhance my insight and expertise. It has been a great learning experience and am very fortunate to have this opportunity to come by my way. I want to take this chance to thank the faculty of Computer Science at Northern Illinois University for giving me with a chance to continue with the Spring Internship and the ISFO of Northern Illinois University for their prompt work and guidance. Introduction Symbria is a privately funded organization that helps senior-living and post-intense suppliers construct economical achievement. It gives diverse administrations, for example, Recovery and Wellness, Drug store and Overviews and Data including treatment administrations, drug store administrations, wellbeing projects, information accumulation and reporting. 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Business Models Communications of the ACM

Question: Discuss about the Business Modelsfor Communications of the ACM. Answer: Most global companies use business models and standards in pivoting the business operations. A business model refers to the conceptual structure designed by the management to support business viability, aid the achievement of set purposes, and assist in implementing the laid down strategic plans (Saebi Foss, 2015). Business models represent all business policies, procedures, and processes on the company's customers, customers demands, and the affordability of products by the clients (Amit Zott, 2012). A business model documentation plays a significant role in maintaining corporate goals focus, reviewing operational processes, and establishing congruence between the two. This essay aims at explaining what gets involved when a manager conceptualizes business model systems, the use of business models in resolving dynamic and static problems, the use of business models in firms partnership, and how business models assist managers to innovate. The conceptualization of business models as systems plays a significant role in the achievement of corporate organizational goals. The availability of sophisticated technologies within a firm helps a manager conceptualize and build new business ideas on matters to deal with cost structures. The success of the business model of a company gets determined by the ability of managers to apply the new technologies in solving business challenges (Chesbrough, 2013). Also, the core capabilities of a company are involved when a manager is conceptualizing business models for a manager can conduct cost versus benefit analysis and invest more resources in a more profitable project (Teece, 2010). Further, innovators need to understand the business alignment of a firm to relate the existing and future business directions of the company in a more accurate manner. Again, the conceptualization of business models requires innovators to have a clear understanding of the firm's customer needs, how to exe cute completion capabilities of the idea development, as well as the business value in a mechanism that will create value for the firm (Zott, Amit, Massa, 2011). The manager needs to have a proper understanding of the distribution channels used by the company when delivering its goods and services to the customers. Business models as systems are used by managers and businesspeople in solving both the static and dynamic problems in the business environment. The most common static problems faced by businesses include uncertainty, diversity of customers behavior, the complexity of market structures, supply chain issues, unpredictable investment rates, and demographic changes (Cohen Kietzmann, 2014). The dynamic problems that business face include globalization, government regulatory policies, technological advancements, overload of information, and problem-solving issues. When solving these challenges, business models assist managers in developing cause and effect analysis strategies, conduct sensitivity analysis, identify business risks, and brainstorm formalized structure. The reduced levels of customer satisfaction challenge are solved using business models through establishing demand and supply patterns based on consumer purchasing rates and patterns (Cohen Kietzmann, 2014). Managers use bus iness models in studying investors approach when making decisions of shares price and equity contribution to ensure that they are attractive to customers. Business models as systems are used by managers in understanding how different firms partner and create viable business links. Real entrepreneurs are not risk averse; they always take risks. For a business to thrive, a business partnership is essential. When running a business, there is increased access to wider range of business networks and financial resources. When business managers design business model systems, the core capabilities and operational patterns of the firm get incorporated (Dhar Varshney, 2011). The use of trade models in analyzing the demand and supply patterns enables a company to understand the most reliable supplier and client. Firms with excellent corporate reputation are the best for businesses to partner with since they prove to be more reliable in the delivery of goods and services (Mason Spring, 2011). Business models serve as a model for a company to analyze employees demands and foster collaborative trade unions who can raise their grievances to the emp loyers in one voice. Business models as systems can be used in understanding both the companys and competitors innovation processes. The innovation of new ideas enhances business feasibility in the most prospective manner and enables the company to come up with new competitive ideas in the industry (Zott Amit, 2010). When companies do not innovate, they fail. Most companies design graphical representation of the competitors to monitor the progress of the firms innovative ideas in comparison to the advancement of the competitors. The business models as systems help innovators bridge the gap between the competitor and their respective companies to enable businesses to expand. The moment a company understands the source of the performance gap between their competitors, they can formulate new innovative ideas to address the unmet customers demands (Casadesus-Masanell Ricart, 2011). To this extent, business models as systems are used in the innovation of new products that are requested in the newly identifi ed and exploited market opportunities. Investment of more resources in the innovation of customer oriented products established a competitive advantage for a firm. Kodama's (2009) lays down a new knowledge integration model for creativity, innovation, human network dynamism, and knowledge integration architecture process. The knowledge integration framework integrates heterogeneous knowledge within and without the jurisdiction of the firm that originates from business dynamic vertical and horizontal corporate changes. Kodama (2009) argues that the vertical integration model of value chain promotes companies initiative in the designing of the high quality of products and services in the most competitive manner. Internal business knowledge favors knowledge integration through the establishment of internal and external knowledge networks. The corporate strategy of a firm is enhanced by the management's ability to conceptualize the core frameworks and boundaries formed by the company. Zott and Amit's (2010) argues that business models are interdependent systems of activities transcending the entire firm's span of boundaries. The focal business model of a company is exploiting business opportunities through value creation among the involved partners. The operations of a firm transcend the firm focal boundaries in a broadened span and help businesses appropriate the value of share created by its activities in a uniform manner (Zott Amit, 2010). Zott and Amit (2010) argues that the essence of designing a business model system is integrating together business activities that are provided to the internal team, suppliers, customers, and other trading partners. As per Itami and Nishino (2010), business models comprise of a business system and a profit model. However, the profit oriented model gains higher recognition and profile since every business has the primary goal of maximizing profitability. These two elements of business models cannot work if applied at the same time in one company and this means that businesses should adopt the most viable model as per the market needs and corporate company goals. The internal and external operations of a firm depend on the market system and the profit model of the company, and therefore managers should be sensitive in choosing either in the two. Itami and Nishino (2010) article proves to be more reliable in helping managers understand business models as a system. Most companies operate to make profits, deliver quality services and products to both the internal and external stakeholders, and capitalize their market position and presence. The profit model enables companies to monitor market demand pattern of changes and understands more about its businesses in comparison to the competitors. Therefore, the profit model is more glamorous for it has a direct link to the primary goal of a firm and accelerates the ability of a business to learn the current and future market needs. In conclusion, business sustainability has increasingly become a paramount factor to consider when companies are designing business plans. Business models have helped enterprises maintain focus on the corporate goals as well as review operational practices. The introduction of excellent business patterns in the operations of a firm in the market leads to disruptive innovation. Therefore, every company should use business models when solving static and dynamic issues, in the change processes, and when partnering with new firms in the industry, they operate. References Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J. E. (2011). How to design a winning business model.Harvard business review,89(1/2), 100-107. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Cohen, B., Kietzmann, J. (2014). Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy.Organization Environment,27(3), 279-296. Dhar, S., Varshney, U. (2011). Challenges and business models for mobile location-based services and advertising.Communications of the ACM,54(5), 121-128. Itami, H. (2010). Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Profit for Now and Learning for the Future. https://www.elsevier.com/locate/lrp, page 364-369. Mason, K., Spring, M. (2011). The sites and practices of business models.Industrial Marketing Management,40(6), 1032-1041. Mitsuru, Kodama, (2009). Boundaries Innovation and Knowledge Integration in the Japanese Firm Saebi, T., Foss, N. J. (2015). Business models for open innovation: Matching heterogeneous open innovation strategies with business model dimensions.European Management Journal,33(3), 201-213. Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy, and innovation.Long range planning,43(2), 172-194. Zott, C., Amit, R. (2010). Business Model Design: An Activity System Perspective. Journal of Management, 216-226 Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research.Journal of Management,37(4), 1019-1042.

Free Animal Rights Essay Example For Students

Free Animal Rights Essay Animal RightsAs Doctor Zola-Morgan stated in a speech to animal right activists,Ive seen the impact of the animal rights movement. I believe this is anattack on science of the worst kind. If we allow it to prevail it willtake us back to the dark ages. Too much of the public has come to thinkof medical researchers as tormenters rather than healers. The good isoverlooked and the bad is exploited. Although many people think thatanimal research is morally wrong, animal research should continue becauseit is critical to continued progress in human health and alternatives to research animals are not available. Animal rights activists feel that animal research is immoral. They donot see where we as human beings see or feel that we are the dominantspecies. They often assert that research with animals causes severe painand that many research animals are abused. The activists do not feel theneed to put the animals through such pain. Many of the experiments arereplicated also which causes an unneeded demand for animals to performexperiments. Experiments which have already been proven are still beingexperimented with. However, animal research is an integral part of todays society whenthinking of how much progress we have gained in human health with the useof animal experimentation. To date some forty-one Nobel prizes have beenawarded to scientists whose achievements depended on laboratory animals. Vaccines against polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, and smallpoxwould not have been possible without such experiments. There also wouldnot be such important techniques such as open heart surgery, brain surgery,coronary bypass, microsurgery to re-attached limbs, organ transplants, andcorrection of congenital heart defects. The list goes on about the medicaladvances that required animal research. Insulin to control diabetes andmedications important in the management of asthma, epilepsy, arthritis,ulcers, and hypertensions are a few more to add to the list. To takeanimal research away would also be to halt our societys advancement ofmore procedures and more medicines to enhance the better living of humans. In addition, there are no alternatives to animal experimentation thatcan give the same results that it can. In certain research investigations,cell, tissue, organ cultures, and computer models can be used at least inthe preliminary phases of the investigation. However, in many experimentalsituations, culture techniques and computer models do not capture thephysiological complexity of the whole animal. Some examples of whereanimals are necessary in research include the development of a vaccineagainst HIV and improvement of methods to relieve mental stress andanxiety. These challenges can only be addressed by research with animals. Computer models and cultures cannot get the whole body effect of anexperiment. Humans are the only alternatives to animals for this and whenfaced with this alternative, most people prefer the use on animals as theresearch model. Anthropology